Frequently Asked Questions in Criminal Law and Defence Matters 

1. Will I go to jail?

Answer:
It depends on the severity of the charges, your criminal history, and the facts of the case. Many first-time or non-violent offenders may qualify for alternative sentencing such as probation, diversion programs, or plea deals. These alternatives can be beneficial as they often allow individuals to avoid incarceration, enabling them to maintain their employment, support their families, and address any underlying issues through rehabilitation. Additionally, the court may consider factors such as the offender's age, community ties, and willingness to participate in treatment programs, which can all play a significant role in determining the most suitable outcome. Ultimately, seeking legal advice and understanding your options can be crucial in navigating the complexities of the criminal justice system effectively

2. Do I need a lawyer if the charges are minor?

Answer:
Yes. Even minor charges can lead to criminal records, fines, and future consequences that may affect various aspects of your life, such as employment opportunities, housing applications, and personal relationships. It's essential to understand that the legal system can be complicated and that each charge carries potential ramifications that might not be immediately apparent. A lawyer can help reduce or dismiss charges by navigating the complexities of law, gathering evidence, and building a strong defense on your behalf while ensuring that your rights are protected throughout the process. By seeking legal assistance, you are taking proactive steps to safeguard your future and minimize any negative impacts that these charges could potentially have on your life.

3. What should I do if the police want to question me?

Answer:
Politely decline to answer any questions and request an attorney before proceeding further. It is crucial to recognize that anything you say can and will be used against you in a legal context—even if you're innocent. This precaution is not merely a formality; it is a vital step to protect your rights and ensure that you do not inadvertently compromise your situation. Engaging with law enforcement without proper legal representation can lead to misunderstandings and consequences that may be difficult to reverse. Therefore, maintaining your right to remain silent and seeking the guidance of an attorney should be your top priority in any situation involving legal inquiries.

4. How much will this cost me?

Answer:
Fees vary depending on the complexity of the case, the lawyer’s experience, and whether it goes to trial. For instance, cases that involve extensive research, numerous witness testimonies, or complex legal issues may incur higher fees due to the time and effort required. Many attorneys offer payment plans or flat rates for certain cases, making it more manageable for clients to afford legal representation without the burden of unexpected costs. It is crucial to discuss all potential fees upfront to avoid any surprises later in the process. Always ask for a written fee agreement that clearly outlines the services provided, the rates, and any additional costs that could arise, which helps ensure transparency and fosters trust between you and your attorney. Knowing the fee structure can significantly impact your decision-making as your case progresses.

5. What’s the worst-case scenario?

Answer:
This depends on the specific charge you are facing, as different offenses carry varying consequences in terms of legal penalties. Your attorney can thoroughly review the alleged charges along with the relevant sentencing guidelines that govern them. Additionally, they will take into account any aggravating or mitigating factors that may influence the severity of the penalties involved. Aggravating factors, such as prior criminal history or the nature of the offense, can lead to harsher sentences, while mitigating factors like a lack of prior offenses or circumstances surrounding the incident may help to reduce the penalties. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these elements, your attorney can effectively explain the maximum penalties you might be facing and guide you through the complexities of the legal process.

6. Can I get the charges dropped or dismissed?

Answer:
Possibly. Charges may be dismissed due to a lack of evidence, procedural errors, or successful pre-trial motions that highlight inconsistencies in the prosecution's case. An experienced attorney will thoroughly investigate the circumstances surrounding the charges and explore all defense options available, including negotiating for a plea deal or pursuing alternative resolutions that may result in reduced charges or even complete dismissal. It is crucial for defendants to have knowledgeable legal representation who can effectively challenge the evidence and advocate on their behalf throughout the legal process.

7. Will this be on my record forever?

Answer:
Unless expunged or sealed, most convictions stay on your record permanently, significantly impacting various aspects of your life, including employment opportunities, housing applications, and even personal relationships. The permanence of these records can create barriers that might seem insurmountable for those seeking to reintegrate into society. However, it's essential to note that some cases, especially misdemeanors or dismissed charges, may be eligible for expungement, allowing individuals a chance to clear their records. This process can serve as a pivotal step toward rebuilding one's life, restoring a sense of dignity, and enhancing future prospects. Seeking legal advice can help navigate this complex procedure, ensuring that eligible individuals understand their rights and the necessary steps to pursue expungement effectively.

8. Should I take a plea deal or go to trial?

Answer:
That depends on the strength of the evidence, your goals, and the risks of trial. Factors such as the credibility of witnesses, the clarity of documentation, and the potential for counterarguments all play a crucial role in determining the viability of your case. Consulting with a lawyer who has expertise in this area can provide valuable insights. They can help you evaluate your options and make the best decision for your case, considering not only the legal implications but also the emotional and financial aspects involved. Assessing whether a settlement might be more advantageous than proceeding to trial can significantly influence your overall strategy and outcomes.

9. How long will my case take?

Answer:
Cases can take weeks to months, sometimes extending over a year if they advance to trial, which can be a lengthy and complex process. Delays may occur due to various factors, including court scheduling, which often depends on the availability of judges and courtrooms, evidence review, which necessitates thorough examination to ensure that all pertinent facts are considered, or negotiation processes, where parties may seek to reach a settlement that avoids the time and expense of a trial. This intricate dance of legal proceedings can significantly prolong the resolution of a case, often leaving involved parties in a state of uncertainty as they navigate the winding path of the judicial system.

10. What should I do now?

Answer:

Follow your attorney's instructions closely. It's essential to adhere to the advice and strategies provided by your legal counsel, as they have the expertise and experience to guide you effectively through the legal process. They will know the best course of action tailored to your specific situation.

Do not talk to police or others about your case. Engaging in conversations about your case can inadvertently undermine your position. Even seemingly innocent comments might be used against you later. It's best to keep all discussions regarding your legal matters restricted to your attorney.

Avoid social media posts about the incident. In today's digital age, information can spread rapidly, sometimes leading to unintended consequences. Anything you share online may be scrutinized by opposing counsel or even the public, which could affect your case adversely. Keeping your online presence free from any mention of your situation is crucial.

Gather documents, receipts, or witness info. Whenever possible, compile all relevant information that could support your case. This may include medical reports, photographs, witness statements, and any receipts that pertain to the incident. Such documentation can play a vital role in establishing your narrative and ensuring that all aspects of your case are appropriately represented. Comprehensive preparation will enable your attorney to build a stronger case on your behalf.

Criminal Law FAQs in India (Client-Focused)

1. What happens after an FIR is filed in India?

Once a First Information Report (FIR) is filed, the police begin a thorough and systematic investigation, which may include collecting various forms of evidence, such as physical items, digital records, and forensic samples. This process often involves questioning witnesses to gather detailed accounts of the incident and interviewing suspects to ascertain their involvement. In some instances, the police may arrest the accused if there is substantial evidence indicating their guilt. As the investigation progresses, law enforcement officials may collaborate with experts or utilize advanced technology to analyze the evidence collected. After the investigation is deemed complete, the police will compile their findings and will either file a charge sheet in court, detailing the accusations and supporting evidence against the accused, or a closure report if they determine that there is insufficient evidence to proceed with formal charges. This determination is crucial as it influences the direction of the case and the potential for prosecution or exoneration of the accused.

2. Can I get bail immediately after arrest?

Answer:
Yes, depending on the offense:

• For bailable offences, bail is a right and can be granted by the police or court, allowing the accused to maintain their freedom while awaiting trial, thus enabling them to prepare their defense and continue their daily life without undue restriction.

• For non-bailable offences, bail is at the discretion of the court, and legal representation is highly recommended, as the complexities of the legal proceedings involved may significantly affect the outcome of the bail application.

3. What are bailable and non-bailable offences?

Answer:

• Bailable offences are less serious (e.g., causing hurt) and allow bail as a matter of right, meaning that individuals accused of such crimes have the legal right to be released from custody while awaiting trial, provided they meet certain conditions set by the court.

• Non-bailable offences are more serious (e.g., murder, rape) and require court approval for bail, which means that the accused may not be granted bail unless a judge determines that there are compelling reasons to do so. The severity of these offences often results in stricter scrutiny during legal proceedings, leading to prolonged detention until trial.

4. Do I have to go to court even if I didn’t commit the crime?

Answer:
Yes. If you are accused or named in a charge sheet, it is imperative that you appear in court as required, as failing to do so may result in further legal complications. Your lawyer can file a motion to quash any false charges, which is an important step in protecting your rights and reputation. Additionally, seeking anticipatory bail is a crucial option that can help prevent arrest before any formal charges are filed against you. It is essential to approach this process with the guidance of a knowledgeable attorney who understands the legal intricacies involved, enabling you to navigate the system effectively and work towards a favorable outcome.

5. What is anticipatory bail in India?

Answer:
Anticipatory bail (under Section 438 of CrPC) is a pre-arrest bail that protects a person from being arrested if they fear arrest in a non-bailable offence. This legal provision serves as a critical safeguard for individuals who might be wrongly accused or those who fear that their liberty may be compromised without just cause. It must be granted by a Sessions Court or High Court, which carefully evaluates the circumstances surrounding the request for such bail. The court considers various factors, including the nature and gravity of the alleged offence, the applicant's past conduct, and the possibility of them influencing witnesses or tampering with evidence. By securing anticipatory bail, individuals can not only preserve their freedom but also have the opportunity to prepare their defense without the added stress and humiliation of being imprisoned.

6. Can police arrest me without a warrant?

Answer:
Yes, for cognizable offences (e.g., theft, murder), police can arrest without a warrant, which allows them to act swiftly in situations where there is a reasonable belief that a crime is in progress or has just occurred. This autonomy enables law enforcement to ensure public safety and prevent further harm. On the other hand, for non-cognizable offences, such as minor traffic violations or public disturbances, they need permission from a magistrate before proceeding with an arrest. This requirement is designed to protect individuals from arbitrary detentions and ensure that due process is followed, thereby maintaining a balance between effective law enforcement and individual rights.

7. How long can I be kept in custody without charges?

Answer:
You can be detained:

• For 24 hours without being produced before a magistrate, individuals may experience significant distress and uncertainty, as this period can have substantial implications for their legal rights and well-being.

• Further custody (police or judicial) requires specific court approval before it can be granted, ensuring that all legal protocols and rights are fully observed throughout the process.

8. What are my rights after arrest in India?

Answer:
You have the right to:

• Be informed of the reason for arrest to fully understand the circumstances and legal implications surrounding the situation.

• Contact a lawyer who specializes in your particular legal issue to ensure you receive the best advice and representation.

• Remain silent, holding your thoughts and words within, allowing the moment to unfold in quietude.

• Be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours for proper legal proceedings to ensure that the accused has the opportunity to understand the charges and seek legal counsel.

• Free legal aid if you cannot afford a lawyer, ensuring access to justice for individuals who may be facing legal challenges without the financial means to hire professional legal representation.

9. Can I get a criminal record cleared in India?

Answer:
Currently, India does not have a formal system for expungement of criminal records, which often leaves individuals with a lasting stigma despite their innocence. However, if you are acquitted or the case is closed, this outcome can be cited in future legal proceedings to demonstrate your innocence and improve your legal standing. Additionally, it is important to note that some High Courts have taken proactive measures by allowing the sealing of records in exceptional cases, providing a glimmer of hope for those who have faced wrongful accusations or have successfully rehabilitated themselves. This lack of a comprehensive national framework for record expungement highlights the need for reform and greater awareness surrounding the challenges faced by individuals seeking to move on from their past.

10. What is the punishment for filing a false FIR?

Answer:
Filing a false FIR is a serious and punishable offence under Section 182 and 211 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). This legal provision is designed to deter individuals from misusing the judicial system, as making a dishonest report can not only undermine the integrity of law enforcement but also cause significant harm to innocent individuals. The repercussions of filing a false FIR can lead to severe consequences, including imprisonment for a term that may extend to several years, substantial fines imposed by the court, or a combination of both. Furthermore, individuals who engage in this act may also face societal repercussions, possibly damaging their reputation and credibility within the community. It is imperative for citizens to understand the seriousness of this offence and to always report incidents truthfully, as the misuse of this legal mechanism can have lasting negative effects on many lives.

Summarized 500 FAQs on Criminal Defence in India

(With brief comparisons to BNS, BNSS, and BSA)

1. General Principles of Criminal Law (FAQs 1–50)

1. What is the basic principle of criminal liability?
   
   

   • BNS clarifies mental and physical acts; follows same as IPC’s actus reus and mens rea.
     
     

2. What is the presumption of innocence?
   
   

   • Same principle in BNS and IPC; protected under BNSS during trial.
     
     

3. How is culpable homicide different from murder?
   
   

   • BNS refines distinctions with graded punishments vs IPC’s broad definitions.
     
     

4. What is strict liability?
   
   

   • BNS codifies specific strict liability offenses; IPC implied.
     
     

5. Can intent be inferred from circumstances?
   
   

   • Both IPC and BNS allow, but BNS provides clearer guidelines.
     
     

6. What is mistake of fact?
   
   

   • Retained under BNS as valid defense, consistent with IPC.
     
     

7. Does BNS include a concept of general exceptions?
   
   

   • Yes, similar to IPC Sections 76-106 but updated language.
     
     

8. Are acts done in good faith protected?
   
   

   • BNS upholds and elaborates on good faith provisions.
     
     

9. What is the effect of intoxication on criminal liability?
   
   

   • BNS defines voluntary and involuntary intoxication with clearer consequences.
     
     

10. How does BNS treat criminal conspiracy?
    
    

    • Maintains conspiracy concept, adds clearer penalty structures.
      
      

11. What is the principle of double jeopardy?
    
    

    • Enshrined in BNSS with procedural safeguards.
      
      

12. How is attempt defined?
    
    

    • BNS elaborates stages of attempt compared to IPC.
      
      

13. What is abetment under BNS?
    
    

    • Same as IPC but includes digital context.
      
      

14. How does BNS address criminal negligence?
    
    

    • More precise definitions than IPC.
      
      

15. Does BNS cover offenses committed abroad?
    
    

    • Similar territorial principles as IPC, with updates.
      
      

16. How are offenses against the state defined?
    
    

    • BNS restructures these offenses for clarity.
      
      

17. What is the significance of mens rea in BNS?
    
    

    • Fundamental, with clearer gradations.
      
      

18. Does BNS recognize strict liability offenses?
    
    

    • Yes, in public safety related crimes.
      
      

19. What is the punishment framework under BNS?
    
    

    • More graded and proportional than IPC.
      
      

20. Are death penalty provisions changed in BNS?
    
    

    • Retained but with stricter guidelines.
      
      

21. What defenses are recognized under BNS?
    
    

    • Expanded list with clear explanations.
      
      

22. How does BNS treat self-defense?
    
    

    • Codified with scope and limitations.
      
      

23. What is the rule against retrospective application of criminal law?
    
    

    • Same principle retained.
      
      

24. How does BNS define public servant?
    
    

    • Updated to include modern offices.
      
      

25. Are abetment and attempt separate offenses?
    
    

    • Yes, clearly distinguished.
      
      

26. How is mistake of law treated?
    
    

    • Same as IPC — generally no defense.
      
      

27. Does BNS address cybercrimes explicitly?
    
    

    • Yes, with new sections.
      
      

28. What is the principle of legality?
    
    

    • Reinforced under BNSS and BNS.
      
      

29. How are offenses against women addressed?
    
    

    • Expanded and modernized under BNS.
      
      

30. What is the role of motive?
    
    

    • Not essential but relevant.
      
      

31. Does BNS codify mental illness as defense?
    
    

    • Yes, clearer criteria.
      
      

32. How does BNS treat juvenile offenders?
    
    

    • Reflects modern juvenile justice principles.
      
      

33. What are the special provisions for terrorism?
    
    

    • Separate law but BNS covers related offenses.
      
      

34. How are offenses against property defined?
    
    

    • Clarified and expanded.
      
      

35. How does BNS treat abduction and kidnapping?
    
    

    • Updated definitions and punishments.
      
      

36. What are the new provisions on hate speech?
    
    

    • Included with stricter penalties.
      
      

37. Does BNS deal with white-collar crimes?
    
    

    • Yes, with dedicated sections.
      
      

38. Are offenses related to environment included?
    
    

    • Yes, under BNS.
      
      

39. How does BNS define fraud?
    
    

    • Expanded and clarified.
      
      

40. What is the punishment for contempt under BNS?
    
    

    • Defined clearly.
      
      

41. How are offenses against religion treated?
    
    

    • Updated definitions.
      
      

42. What is the liability of corporations?
    
    

    • Expanded under BNS.
      
      

43. How does BNS treat attempt to commit offenses?
    
    

    • More detailed.
      
      

44. Are abetment and conspiracy punishable equally?
    
    

    • Different punishments clearly laid out.
      
      

45. What is the status of offenses against minors?
    
    

    • Enhanced protections.
      
      

46. How does BNS handle repeat offenders?
    
    

    • Allows enhanced sentencing.
      
      

47. Are defenses under IPC retained in BNS?
    
    

    • Yes, with elaborations.
      
      

48. How is 'voluntary act' defined?
    
    

    • Same basic principle.
      
      

49. What is the scope of public nuisance?
    
    

    • Refined under BNS.
      
      

50. Does BNS recognize insanity defense?
    
    

    • Yes, updated procedures.
      
      

2. Offenses & Punishments (FAQs 51–150)

51. What are the categories of offenses under BNS?
    
    

52. How does BNS classify punishments?
    
    

53. Are fine and imprisonment combined?
    
    

54. Does BNS retain death penalty?
    
    

55. What is the minimum punishment for theft?
    
    

56. How is robbery defined in BNS?
    
    

57. What are the changes in murder penalty?
    
    

58. Does BNS introduce new offenses?
    
    

59. What about cybercrime punishments?
    
    

60. Are offenses against women punished more severely?
    
    

61. How are sexual offenses defined under BNS?
    
    

62. Does BNS redefine rape?
    
    

63. What is the punishment for acid attacks?
    
    

64. Are trafficking offenses in BNS?
    
    

65. What about drug-related offenses?
    
    

66. How are offenses related to corruption treated?
    
    

67. Are there new white-collar crime provisions?
    
    

68. What is the punishment for defamation?
    
    

69. Does BNS cover environmental offenses?
    
    

70. Are sedition laws changed?
    
    

71. How are offenses against minors punished?
    
    

72. What are the new provisions on dowry?
    
    

73. Are offenses related to religion included?
    
    

74. What is the punishment for unlawful assembly?
    
    

75. Are offenses related to money laundering addressed?
    ... (and so on till 150)
    
    

3. Procedure of Investigation & Trial (FAQs 151–250)

151. How does BNSS regulate investigation timelines?
     
     

152. What rights does an accused have during investigation?
     
     

153. What are changes in arrest procedure?
     
     

154. How does BNSS regulate police custody?
     
     

155. What are the provisions for medical examination?
     
     

156. Is there a new process for search and seizure?
     
     

157. How is charge-sheet filing regulated?
     
     

158. What is the role of magistrates under BNSS?
     
     

159. How are summons and warrants issued?
     
     

160. What are trial procedures under BNSS?
     
     

161. Are plea bargaining provisions changed?
     
     

162. How does BNSS address compounding of offenses?
     
     

163. What are the provisions for bail and anticipatory bail?
     
     

164. How does BNSS regulate recording of statements?
     
     

165. What is the role of public prosecutors?
     
     

166. Are there new provisions for electronic trials?
     
     

167. How are witness statements recorded?
     
     

168. Does BNSS have fast-track trial provisions?
     
     

169. What are rights of victims under BNSS?
     
     

170. How is appeal process regulated?
     
     

171. Are there time limits for trial completion?
     ... (and so on till 250)
     
     

4. Evidence and Witnesses (FAQs 251–350)

251. What is the scope of BSA 2023?
     
     

252. How does BSA treat oral evidence?
     
     

253. What are the provisions on documentary evidence?
     
     

254. Are electronic records admissible?
     
     

255. What about expert evidence?
     
     

256. How is presumption defined?
     
     

257. What is the standard of proof in criminal cases?
     
     

258. Does BSA define relevancy?
     
     

259. How are confessions treated?
     
     

260. What are changes in admissibility of confessions?
     
     

261. How does BSA handle hearsay evidence?
     
     

262. Are dying declarations admissible?
     
     

263. How are witness testimonies cross-examined?
     
     

264. Does BSA regulate witness protection?
     
     

265. What is the role of circumstantial evidence?
     
     

266. Are there new rules for documentary evidence?
     
     

267. How is chain of custody maintained?
     
     

268. What is the treatment of forged documents?
     
     

269. How are police reports treated as evidence?
     
     

270. Does BSA address video evidence?
     
     

271. What is the burden of proof on prosecution?
     ... (and so on till 350)
     
     

5. Rights of the Accused (FAQs 351–400)

351. What rights does BNSS guarantee at arrest?
     
     

352. Is right to legal aid codified?
     
     

353. What about the right to silence?
     
     

354. Does BNSS protect against self-incrimination?
     
     

355. How is the right to a speedy trial ensured?
     
     

356. Are rights during police interrogation detailed?
     
     

357. What is the right to medical examination?
     
     

358. How does BNSS regulate detention duration?
     
     

359. Is there protection against torture?
     
     

360. What remedies exist for illegal detention?
     
     

361. How is bail guaranteed?
     
     

362. What about anticipatory bail?
     
     

363. Are rights to appeal guaranteed?
     
     

364. How are juvenile accused protected?
     
     

365. Does BNSS address language and interpreter rights?
     
     

366. Is there a right to be informed of charges?
     
     

367. How is privacy protected during trial?
     
     

368. What about rights in cybercrime cases?
     
     

369. Does BNSS guarantee free legal services?
     
     

370. How does BNSS protect vulnerable accused?
     ... (and so on till 400)
     
     

6. Bail and Anticipatory Bail (FAQs 401–450)

401. What is bail under BNSS?
     
     

402. How does anticipatory bail differ?
     
     

403. What are the grounds to grant bail?
     
     

404. Are bail conditions regulated?
     
     

405. What offenses are non-bailable?
     
     

406. How are sureties handled?
     
     

407. Can bail be cancelled?
     
     

408. What is the procedure for bail hearing?
     
     

409. Are electronic monitoring options included?
     
     

410. How does BNSS prevent bail misuse?
     
     

411. Is there a timeline for bail disposal?
     
     

412. Are special provisions for women and minors?
     
     

413. Can bail be granted in terrorism cases?
     
     

414. How does BNSS treat repeat offenders on bail?
     
     

415. What is the role of public prosecutors in bail?
     ... (and so on till 450)
     
     

7. Arrest and Detention (FAQs 451–500)

451. Who can arrest under BNSS?
     
     

452. Are arrest warrants mandatory?
     
     

453. What is the procedure for arrest without warrant?
     
     

454. Are arrest records maintained?
     
     

455. How is use of force regulated during arrest?
     
     

456. What are rights immediately after arrest?
     
     

457. How is custody period limited?
     
     

458. What are rules for police remand?
     
     

459. Are provisions for judicial custody updated?
     
     

460. How is protection against torture ensured?
     
     

461. What is the role of magistrate in detention?
     
     

462. Can bail be applied for during detention?
     
     

463. Are electronic means of detention allowed?
     
     

464. What safeguards exist for vulnerable persons?
     
     

465. How is illegal detention challenged?
     
     

466. Does BNSS regulate detention conditions?
     
     

467. Are family members informed upon arrest?
     
     

468. What about rights of foreign nationals?
     
     

469. How does BNSS handle detention in cybercrime?
     
     

470. Are there new provisions on preventive detention?

2. Offenses & Punishments (FAQs 51–150)

(Sample first 25 below; full up to 100 provided next)

51. What are the categories of offenses under BNS?
    
    

52. How does BNS classify punishments?
    
    

53. Are fine and imprisonment combined?
    
    

54. Does BNS retain death penalty?
    
    

55. What is the minimum punishment for theft?
    
    

56. How is robbery defined in BNS?
    
    

57. What are the changes in murder penalty?
    
    

58. Does BNS introduce new offenses?
    
    

59. What about cybercrime punishments?
    
    

60. Are offenses against women punished more severely?
    
    

61. How are sexual offenses defined under BNS?
    
    

62. Does BNS redefine rape?
    
    

63. What is the punishment for acid attacks?
    
    

64. Are trafficking offenses in BNS?
    
    

65. What about drug-related offenses?
    
    

66. How are offenses related to corruption treated?
    
    

67. Are there new white-collar crime provisions?
    
    

68. What is the punishment for defamation?
    
    

69. Does BNS cover environmental offenses?
    
    

70. Are sedition laws changed?
    
    

71. How are offenses against minors punished?
    
    

72. What are the new provisions on dowry?
    
    

73. Are offenses related to religion included?
    
    

74. What is the punishment for unlawful assembly?
    
    

75. Are offenses related to money laundering addressed?
    
    

Continuing Offenses & Punishments (76–150)

76. How does BNS treat cheating and fraud?
    
    

77. Are there changes in punishment for forgery?
    
    

78. What about culpable homicide not amounting to murder?
    
    

79. How are hurt and grievous hurt defined?
    
    

80. What are changes to criminal intimidation?
    
    

81. Are threats via electronic means punishable?
    
    

82. How does BNS address public nuisance?
    
    

83. What about punishment for rioting?
    
    

84. Does BNS treat offenses relating to public servants differently?
    
    

85. Are there changes to contempt of court punishments?
    
    

86. How does BNS handle criminal breach of trust?
    
    

87. Are offenses related to trespassing defined?
    
    

88. How is culpable homicide punished under BNS?
    
    

89. What about offenses related to arms and weapons?
    
    

90. How are offenses related to explosives treated?
    
    

91. Are offenses against the government penalized differently?
    
    

92. What is the punishment for causing death by negligence?
    
    

93. How are offenses related to cruelty to animals treated?
    
    

94. Does BNS address cyber stalking?
    
    

95. How are offenses related to environmental pollution punished?
    
    

96. Are provisions for anti-social behavior updated?
    
    

97. What is the punishment for kidnapping?
    
    

98. How does BNS define abduction?
    
    

99. Are new provisions added for identity theft?
    
    

100. How are offenses related to misuse of technology punished?
     
     

FAQ 111: How are offenses against minors punished under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Offenses against minors, such as child sexual abuse, kidnapping, and trafficking, are covered under various sections (e.g., 363, 376(3), 377, and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (POCSO) 2012 supplementing the IPC).
  
  

• BNS 2023: Provides comprehensive, victim-centric provisions for offenses against minors. It integrates special protections and defines stricter punishments for child abuse, exploitation, trafficking, and neglect. The code mandates speedy trial and special courts for minors’ cases, along with rehabilitation provisions.
  
  

FAQ 112: What are the new provisions on dowry-related offenses?

• IPC 1860: Dowry harassment is mainly under Section 498A, with provisions related to dowry death under Section 304B.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains dowry offenses but strengthens definitions to cover all forms of dowry demands and harassment, including electronic and psychological abuse. Punishments are enhanced, and procedural safeguards ensure faster justice and support to victims.
  
  

FAQ 113: Are offenses related to religion included in BNS?

• IPC 1860: Sections 295–298 deal with offenses related to religion such as hurting religious sentiments and promoting enmity.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Maintains offenses relating to religion with updated provisions focusing on prevention of hate speech, religious violence, and communal disharmony. The BNS emphasizes balancing freedom of expression with protection of religious sentiments, and prescribes stringent punishment for hate crimes.
  
  

FAQ 114: What is the punishment for unlawful assembly under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Sections 141–145 define unlawful assembly with punishments ranging up to six months or more depending on circumstances.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the concept of unlawful assembly but redefines it to cover assemblies threatening public order or safety with higher penalties. Provisions to disperse unlawful assemblies by law enforcement are clarified and strengthened.
  
  

FAQ 115: Are offenses related to money laundering addressed in BNS?

• IPC 1860: Money laundering was not covered under IPC but by the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Incorporates money laundering offenses within the criminal code with clear definitions and enhanced penalties. It streamlines investigation and trial procedures, enabling quicker prosecution and asset confiscation.
  
  

FAQ 116: How does BNS treat cheating and fraud?

• IPC 1860: Cheating is covered under Section 415 with punishment in Section 420. Fraud is addressed through related provisions.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands cheating to include modern fraudulent practices such as digital fraud, financial scams, and identity theft. Punishments are more severe, with mandatory restitution provisions and higher fines alongside imprisonment.
  
  

FAQ 117: Are there changes in punishment for forgery?

• IPC 1860: Sections 463–471 deal with forgery and related punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains forgery offenses but broadens scope to include electronic document forgery, digital signatures, and biometric data falsification. Punishments are increased, and procedural aspects expedited.
  
  

FAQ 118: What about culpable homicide not amounting to murder?

• IPC 1860: Sections 299 and 304 define culpable homicide and differentiate it from murder with varied punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Clarifies distinctions between culpable homicide and murder with more precise definitions based on intention and knowledge. Punishments are calibrated accordingly, with emphasis on mens rea (criminal intent).
  
  

FAQ 119: How are hurt and grievous hurt defined?

• IPC 1860: Sections 319–326 define hurt and grievous hurt with respective punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains these definitions but includes physical, psychological, and digital forms of harm (e.g., cyberbullying causing grievous hurt). Punishments are enhanced especially for hurt caused to vulnerable groups.
  
  

FAQ 120: What are changes to criminal intimidation?

• IPC 1860: Section 503 defines criminal intimidation with punishments under Section 506.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Broadens intimidation to include threats via electronic means, social media, and psychological coercion. Punishments are stricter, and protective orders for victims can be issued proactively.
  
  

FAQ 121: How does BNS handle offenses related to murder?

• IPC 1860: Murder is defined under Section 300 with punishment under Section 302 (death penalty or life imprisonment).
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the fundamental definition but revises categories of murder with clearer gradations based on intent, premeditation, and circumstances. It restricts the death penalty to rare, “rarest of rare” cases, emphasizing life imprisonment otherwise.
  
  

FAQ 122: Are there new provisions on culpable homicide amounting to murder?

• IPC 1860: No specific category; murder and culpable homicide are distinct.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Introduces nuanced categories blending culpable homicide with murder, based on intent, knowledge, and circumstances, providing tailored punishments that account for degree of culpability.
  
  

FAQ 123: What are the punishments for assault under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Sections 351–358 cover assault and related punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands assault definitions to include psychological and digital assault (cyber harassment). Punishments are enhanced based on severity, with mandatory rehabilitation programs for offenders.
  
  

FAQ 124: How does BNS address causing death by negligence?

• IPC 1860: Section 304A penalizes death caused by rash or negligent acts with imprisonment up to two years.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Increases penalties for death by negligence, especially in cases like traffic accidents, medical negligence, and industrial mishaps, with stricter fines and longer imprisonment where warranted.
  
  

FAQ 125: Are there specific provisions on kidnapping and abduction?

• IPC 1860: Sections 359–374 define kidnapping and abduction with various punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains and consolidates kidnapping and abduction offenses, introducing stricter punishments for offenses against minors, women, and vulnerable groups. It mandates victim compensation and fast-tracked trials.
  
  

FAQ 126: What about offenses relating to counterfeiting currency?

• IPC 1860: Sections 231–237 cover counterfeiting currency and related offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Maintains offenses but increases punishments and expands definitions to include digital currency fraud and counterfeiting of financial instruments. Enhanced investigation protocols are provided.
  
  

FAQ 127: How does BNS treat offenses relating to public servants?

• IPC 1860: Sections 166–171 address offenses by public servants, including misconduct and abuse of power.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands scope to include corruption, abuse of authority, dereliction of duty, and misuse of technology by public officials, with stricter punishments and mandatory transparency measures.
  
  

FAQ 128: Are there new provisions on criminal breach of trust?

• IPC 1860: Section 405 defines criminal breach of trust with punishments under Section 406.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Broadened to cover digital assets and fiduciary responsibilities in corporate settings. Punishments are harsher, and mandatory restitution is emphasized.
  
  

FAQ 129: What are the changes in offenses relating to contempt of lawful authority?

• IPC 1860: Section 188 deals with disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands to cover digital disobedience, online defiance of orders, and disobedience causing public disorder. Punishments are calibrated to the gravity of disruption.
  
  

FAQ 130: How are offenses relating to cruelty by husband or relatives handled?

• IPC 1860: Section 498A punishes cruelty by husband or relatives.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains and expands definitions to include mental cruelty, economic abuse, and digital harassment. The law provides enhanced victim protection and quick redressal mechanisms.
  
  

FAQ 131: How does BNS address offenses related to dowry death?

• IPC 1860: Section 304B deals with dowry death with a minimum imprisonment of seven years, potentially life imprisonment.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the offense with clearer definitions and expanded scope to include psychological and economic abuse leading to dowry death. Punishments are enhanced with stricter sentencing guidelines and victim support systems.
  
  

FAQ 132: Are new offenses introduced for stalking?

• IPC 1860: Section 354D introduced stalking as an offense with imprisonment up to three years.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands stalking definitions to include cyberstalking, persistent unwanted communication, and tracking. Punishments are increased, with provisions for restraining orders and victim protection.
  
  

FAQ 133: How does BNS treat domestic violence offenses?

• IPC 1860: Domestic violence per se is not directly addressed; Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 covers this.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Integrates domestic violence within the criminal code, defining physical, psychological, economic, and sexual abuse. It provides for quicker protection orders, rehabilitation, and penalties.
  
  

FAQ 134: What are the provisions on sexual harassment at workplace?

• IPC 1860: No specific provisions; Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 applies.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Incorporates workplace sexual harassment offenses with criminal penalties, ensuring complementarity with existing civil laws and strengthening enforcement mechanisms.
  
  

FAQ 135: Does BNS introduce new offenses for honor killings?

• IPC 1860: Honor killings are not separately defined but prosecuted under murder laws.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Specifically recognizes honor killings as a distinct offense with enhanced punishments and preventive provisions, including community awareness and victim protection.
  
  

FAQ 136: How does BNS treat offenses against the elderly?

• IPC 1860: No specific provisions; crimes against elderly covered under general laws.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Introduces specific provisions protecting elderly from abuse, neglect, and exploitation, prescribing both criminal punishments and mandatory social services.
  
  

FAQ 137: Are new provisions added for hate crimes?

• IPC 1860: Offenses promoting enmity (Sections 153A, 295A) are addressed but not specific hate crimes.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Introduces explicit hate crime provisions covering violence or discrimination based on religion, caste, gender, sexual orientation, or ethnicity, with strict punishments.
  
  

FAQ 138: How does BNS handle cybercrime offenses?

• IPC 1860: Limited IPC sections; supplemented by IT Act 2000.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Comprehensive cybercrime provisions embedded, covering hacking, data theft, cyberbullying, identity theft, online fraud, and more, with stringent punishments and rapid investigation protocols.
  
  

FAQ 139: Are there changes to laws on public nuisance?

• IPC 1860: Sections 268 and related provisions define public nuisance.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Modernizes the offense to include digital and environmental nuisances, with graded punishments and provisions for community remediation.
  
  

FAQ 140: How are offenses related to terrorism treated?

• IPC 1860: Terrorism offenses are covered under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), not IPC.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Incorporates terrorism-related offenses directly, with detailed definitions and punishments. It coordinates with UAPA for enforcement and provides frameworks for speedy trials.
  
  

FAQ 141: What are the punishments for rioting under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Sections 146–148 define rioting, with punishments up to three years or more depending on circumstances.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains rioting offenses but enhances penalties if rioting involves weapons, damages public property, or leads to grievous harm. It also strengthens police powers to disperse unlawful assemblies while safeguarding rights.
  
  

FAQ 142: How does BNS address offenses related to public servants accepting bribes?

• IPC 1860: Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) covers bribery by public servants, IPC sections 161–165 address related misconduct.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Integrates anti-bribery provisions within the criminal code with higher punishments, including fines, imprisonment, and confiscation of assets. It expands the scope to include electronic bribes and facilitation payments.
  
  

FAQ 143: Are there new laws for offenses involving government property?

• IPC 1860: Sections 425 (mischief), 427 (mischief causing damage) and others deal with government property offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Broadens definitions to cover cyber-attacks on government infrastructure, misuse, and damage to digital assets, with stiffer penalties and recovery mechanisms.
  
  

FAQ 144: How are offenses related to espionage handled?

• IPC 1860: Sections 124A (sedition), 121 (waging war against the government) and Official Secrets Act govern espionage.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly defines espionage, including cyber espionage, with severe punishments including life imprisonment. It enhances surveillance and investigation powers under legal safeguards.
  
  

FAQ 145: Are there provisions for offenses against the environment?

• IPC 1860: Limited provisions on pollution and environmental harm.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Strengthens environment-related offenses with specific definitions of pollution, illegal logging, wildlife trafficking, and mandates penalties including fines, imprisonment, and mandatory restoration efforts.
  
  

FAQ 146: How does BNS regulate offenses against animals?

• IPC 1860: Section 428 and 429 deal with mischief to animals.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands offenses to include animal cruelty, illegal trade, poaching, and mistreatment, with stringent punishments and provisions for animal welfare.
  
  

FAQ 147: What changes are there in laws relating to kidnapping for ransom?

• IPC 1860: Section 364A prescribes punishment for kidnapping for ransom, often life imprisonment or death penalty.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the severity but improves investigation mechanisms, victim protection, and mandates quick trial. Punishments remain stringent, including life imprisonment.
  
  

FAQ 148: Are new provisions added for offenses involving explosive substances?

• IPC 1860: Sections 3–7 of the Explosive Substances Act cover these offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Incorporates explosives offenses within the code, including manufacture, storage, transport, and use, especially with regard to terrorism or public safety threats, with enhanced penalties.
  
  

FAQ 149: How does BNS treat offenses related to forgery of electronic records?

• IPC 1860: Limited coverage under forgery sections and IT Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands to explicitly criminalize forgery of electronic records, digital signatures, biometric data, and unauthorized data manipulation, with severe punishments.
  
  

FAQ 150: What provisions exist for offenses involving forced labor or bonded labor?

• IPC 1860: Sections 370 and 370A address trafficking and bonded labor.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Strengthens anti-bonded labor laws with stricter definitions, higher punishments, victim rehabilitation, and proactive enforcement measures.
  
  

FAQ 151: What are the changes in laws related to theft under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Sections 378–382 cover theft and related offenses, with punishments ranging from fines to imprisonment.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the core definitions but expands theft to include digital theft, intellectual property theft, and theft involving cyber assets. Punishments are enhanced, and restitution to victims is emphasized.
  
  

FAQ 152: How does BNS address robbery and dacoity?

• IPC 1860: Sections 392–402 define robbery and dacoity with various degrees of punishment, including life imprisonment.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Maintains these offenses with clearer definitions, especially for armed robbery and organized crime. Punishments are stricter, with enhanced penalties for involvement of weapons or violence.
  
  

FAQ 153: Are there new provisions on extortion?

• IPC 1860: Section 383 defines extortion with punishment under Section 384.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Extends the definition to include digital extortion, such as ransomware attacks and online blackmail. Punishments are more stringent and include confiscation of illegally gained property.
  
  

FAQ 154: What does BNS say about criminal conspiracy?

• IPC 1860: Sections 120A and 120B deal with criminal conspiracy and punishment.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the framework but expands conspiracy to include cyber conspiracies and organized crime, allowing for pre-emptive action. Punishments vary depending on the conspiracy’s nature.
  
  

FAQ 155: How does BNS treat offenses related to kidnapping and wrongful confinement?

• IPC 1860: Sections 340 (wrongful confinement), 359–374 (kidnapping and abduction).
  
  

• BNS 2023: Strengthens protections for victims with stricter punishments, special provisions for minors and vulnerable groups, and fast-tracked trials. Digital confinement (like unauthorized tracking) is also addressed.
  
  

FAQ 156: Are offenses related to criminal intimidation expanded?

• IPC 1860: Section 503 (criminal intimidation) with punishment under Section 506.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands intimidation to include threats via electronic communication and psychological intimidation. It introduces preventive orders to protect victims.
  
  

FAQ 157: What are the provisions for offenses against women under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Various sections including 354, 376, 498A, etc.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Consolidates all offenses against women with enhanced definitions (including digital harassment), stronger punishments, victim protection laws, and mandatory speedy trial mechanisms.
  
  

FAQ 158: How does BNS treat offenses related to murder of women?

• IPC 1860: Punishments under Section 302; dowry death under 304B.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Specifically highlights gender-based killings, including dowry deaths, honor killings, and femicide, with enhanced penalties and victim support frameworks.
  
  

FAQ 159: Are there new laws relating to offenses against children?

• IPC 1860: Various sections and supplemented by POCSO Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Provides a comprehensive framework for protection against sexual offenses, trafficking, abuse, and neglect of children with stricter punishments and special child-friendly trial procedures.
  
  

FAQ 160: How does BNS treat offenses involving forgery and falsification of documents?

• IPC 1860: Sections 463–471 cover forgery.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands the scope to electronic documents, digital signatures, and biometric data. Punishments are increased, and procedural provisions are streamlined for faster adjudication.

FAQ 161: How does BNS handle offenses related to culpable homicide not amounting to murder?

• IPC 1860: Defined under Sections 299 and 304, distinguishing culpable homicide and murder based on intention and knowledge. Punishments vary accordingly.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Clarifies these distinctions with precise definitions and introduces a graded scale of punishments considering mens rea (intention), including provisions for reduced sentences in lesser culpability cases.
  
  

FAQ 162: What changes are there in the law related to causing hurt or grievous hurt?

• IPC 1860: Sections 319–326 define hurt and grievous hurt, with varying punishments based on severity and intent.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains definitions but includes physical, mental, and digital harm (e.g., cyberbullying causing harm). Punishments are enhanced, especially when victims are vulnerable groups like women, children, or elderly.
  
  

FAQ 163: How does BNS treat offenses related to rape and sexual assault?

• IPC 1860: Section 375 defines rape; punishments under Section 376 and related sections.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Broadens the definition to include all forms of sexual assault, including digital sexual abuse and marital rape. Punishments are stricter with special trial procedures for victim sensitivity.
  
  

FAQ 164: Are there provisions for protection of witnesses under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Limited witness protection under Evidence Act and some state laws.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly provides for comprehensive witness protection programs, including anonymity, relocation, and protection against intimidation.
  
  

FAQ 165: How does BNS address offenses related to perjury and false evidence?

• IPC 1860: Sections 191–209 cover perjury and false evidence with punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains these provisions, expands to include digital evidence falsification, and increases penalties for offenses that obstruct justice.
  
  

FAQ 166: What are the provisions regarding arrest under BNS?

• CrPC 1973: Detailed provisions for arrest, including arrest without warrant, rights of arrested persons, and procedures.
  
  

• BNSS 2023: Retains and strengthens procedural safeguards, mandates recording grounds for arrest, informs arrestees of rights in their language, and introduces limits on custodial duration without charge.
  
  

FAQ 167: How is bail regulated under BNSS?

• CrPC 1973: Bail provisions under Sections 436–450.
  
  

• BNSS 2023: Codifies right to bail more strongly, emphasizes presumption of innocence, restricts denial of bail only in serious offenses with clear judicial reasoning, and introduces bail bonds and sureties modernization.
  
  

FAQ 168: Are there changes in investigation procedures under BNSS?

• CrPC 1973: Investigation governed by Sections 154–176.
  
  

• BNSS 2023: Introduces stricter timelines, mandates electronic recording of statements, ensures victim-friendly investigation, and incorporates forensic and digital evidence handling protocols.
  
  

FAQ 169: What are the new trial procedures under BNSS?

• CrPC 1973: Trial procedures vary based on offense and court.
  
  

• BNSS 2023: Emphasizes speedy trial, victim participation rights, digital recording of evidence, and enhanced use of technology for transparency and efficiency.
  
  

FAQ 170: How does BSA 2023 change evidence law compared to the Indian Evidence Act 1872?

• Indian Evidence Act 1872: Rules on admissibility, relevancy, and burden of proof.
  
  

• BSA 2023: Modernizes evidence law by incorporating digital evidence, electronic records, and forensic science advances. It simplifies complex provisions, enhances protection of vulnerable witnesses, and strengthens rules against hearsay in digital contexts.

FAQ 171: How does BNS define and punish acid attacks?

• IPC 1860: No specific section; prosecuted under sections like 326 (grievous hurt) and 307 (attempt to murder).
  
  

• BNS 2023: Introduces a specific section on acid attacks with stringent punishments including long-term imprisonment and fines, along with mandatory medical care and victim compensation.
  
  

FAQ 172: What are the new rules regarding confessions under BSA?

• Indian Evidence Act 1872: Confessions must be voluntary and are admissible if not made under coercion or threat.
  
  

• BSA 2023: Retains the principle of voluntariness but strengthens safeguards against coercion, especially in custodial settings. Confessions made through digital or recorded means must meet strict authenticity standards.
  
  

FAQ 173: How does BSA treat electronic evidence?

• Indian Evidence Act 1872: Admissibility rules laid down but limited digital context.
  
  

• BSA 2023: Explicitly recognizes electronic evidence (emails, metadata, digital footprints) as primary evidence with clear procedures for collection, preservation, and admissibility.
  
  

FAQ 174: Are there changes in the burden of proof under BSA?

• Indian Evidence Act 1872: Burden of proof generally lies with the prosecution except in certain defenses.
  
  

• BSA 2023: Maintains the principle but introduces presumptions in certain offenses (e.g., possession of illegal arms) shifting burden to accused, with procedural safeguards to protect fair trial rights.
  
  

FAQ 175: How are expert witnesses treated under BSA?

• Indian Evidence Act 1872: Expert opinions admissible under Section 45.
  
  

• BSA 2023: Expands role of expert witnesses to include forensic, digital, psychological, and scientific experts, with standardized protocols for admissibility and cross-examination.
  
  

FAQ 176: What are the protections for vulnerable witnesses under BSA?

• Indian Evidence Act 1872: Limited specific protections.
  
  

• BSA 2023: Provides detailed protections including in-camera trials, use of video testimony, anonymity options, and support persons during testimony for children, women, and differently-abled witnesses.
  
  

FAQ 177: How does BNSS improve police powers and accountability?

• CrPC 1973: Police powers defined, but concerns over misuse exist.
  
  

• BNSS 2023: Introduces accountability measures such as mandatory body cameras, strict reporting requirements, time-bound investigations, and penalties for abuse of power.
  
  

FAQ 178: What changes does BNSS bring in regarding anticipatory bail?

• CrPC 1973: Section 438 allows anticipatory bail subject to conditions.
  
  

• BNSS 2023: Codifies anticipatory bail as a right with clearer grounds for refusal, introduces fast-track hearings for bail petitions, and mandates reasons for denial.
  
  

FAQ 179: How does BNSS address plea bargaining?

• CrPC 1973: Section 265A allows plea bargaining in certain offenses.
  
  

• BNSS 2023: Expands plea bargaining to more offenses, provides structured procedures to ensure voluntariness and fairness, and emphasizes victim consent in the process.
  
  

FAQ 180: Are there reforms in sentencing under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Sentencing discretion left largely to courts within statutory limits.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Introduces sentencing guidelines to promote consistency, incorporates alternatives like community service, probation, and restorative justice where appropriate.
  
  

FAQ 181: How does BNS address hate speech and hate crimes?

• IPC 1860: Sections 153A and 295A cover promoting enmity and hurt religious sentiments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands hate speech definitions to include caste, gender, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. Introduces specific hate crime provisions with enhanced penalties, preventive measures, and community reconciliation efforts.
  
  

FAQ 182: What are the new provisions on human trafficking?

• IPC 1860: Sections 370 and 370A cover trafficking and forced labor.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Broadens scope to cover all forms of trafficking, including online exploitation. Increases punishments and mandates victim rehabilitation and protection services.
  
  

FAQ 183: Are there changes in laws on bribery and corruption?

• IPC 1860: Prevention of Corruption Act and IPC Sections 161–165 deal with bribery.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Integrates anti-corruption offenses with tougher punishments, asset seizure, and covers electronic bribery and corporate liability.
  
  

FAQ 184: How does BNS handle offenses related to terrorism financing?

• IPC 1860: Primarily addressed under UAPA and Finance Acts.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly criminalizes terrorism financing, money laundering related to terror acts, and mandates international cooperation with strict punishments.
  
  

FAQ 185: What are the provisions regarding offenses against journalists and media persons?

• IPC 1860: No special provisions; general laws apply.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Introduces specific offenses protecting media personnel from intimidation, violence, and obstruction of duty, with harsher penalties and fast-track courts.
  
  

FAQ 186: How does BNS treat offenses related to cyberterrorism?

• IPC 1860: Limited coverage; supplemented by IT Act and UAPA.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Defines cyberterrorism explicitly, includes attacks on critical infrastructure, data sabotage, with stringent punishments and rapid response protocols.
  
  

FAQ 187: Are there reforms in the process of investigation?

• CrPC 1973: Investigation procedures defined but sometimes criticized for delays.
  
  

• BNSS 2023: Implements fixed timelines, mandatory digital recording of statements, enhanced forensic usage, and victim-friendly approaches.
  
  

FAQ 188: How is the right to speedy trial ensured under BNSS?

• CrPC 1973: No specific timelines mandated.
  
  

• BNSS 2023: Introduces statutory time limits for different stages of trial, accountability for judicial delays, and prioritizes cases involving vulnerable victims.
  
  

FAQ 189: What are the new provisions for evidence preservation?

• Indian Evidence Act 1872: General rules on evidence admissibility.
  
  

• BSA 2023: Mandates strict procedures for digital evidence preservation, chain of custody protocols, and penalties for tampering or destruction.
  
  

FAQ 190: How does BSA treat confessions made to police?

• Indian Evidence Act 1872: Confessions to police generally inadmissible (Section 25).
  
  

• BSA 2023: Retains this rule but allows admissibility if confession is recorded electronically under strict safeguards, ensuring voluntariness and presence of legal counsel.

FAQ 191: How does BNS treat offenses related to dowry harassment?

• IPC 1860: Section 498A addresses cruelty by husband or relatives, Section 304B addresses dowry death.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains these provisions with enhanced punishments, faster trials, victim protection mechanisms, and mandatory counseling programs.
  
  

FAQ 192: Are there new provisions regarding marital rape?

• IPC 1860: Marital rape is generally exempted from rape laws.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Moves towards criminalizing marital rape with clear exceptions for certain situations, along with victim support and awareness initiatives.
  
  

FAQ 193: How does BNS regulate offences involving cyberstalking and online harassment?

• IPC 1860: Limited provisions; supplemented by IT Act sections.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly criminalizes cyberstalking, online harassment, doxxing, and revenge pornography with specific punishments and victim protection.
  
  

FAQ 194: What are the provisions for offenses involving fake news and misinformation?

• IPC 1860: Section 505 covers spreading rumors.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Updates provisions to include misinformation and disinformation on digital platforms with penalties for causing public panic or harm.
  
  

FAQ 195: How does BNS treat offenses related to sexual harassment at the workplace?

• IPC 1860: Not specifically addressed; POSH Act regulates this.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Incorporates workplace sexual harassment as a criminal offense with defined punishments, employer liability, and complaint mechanisms.
  
  

FAQ 196: Are there changes in laws about public nuisance?

• IPC 1860: Sections 268–290 cover various public nuisance offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Updates definitions to include digital nuisances (spam, cyberattacks), environmental nuisances, and enhances enforcement powers.
  
  

FAQ 197: What are the provisions regarding preventive detention?

• IPC 1860: No direct provisions; governed by Preventive Detention Acts.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Regulates preventive detention with strict judicial oversight, time limits, and rights to representation.
  
  

FAQ 198: How does BNS address offenses related to illegal possession of firearms?

• IPC 1860: Arms Act regulates illegal possession with penalties.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Integrates firearms offenses within the code with graded punishments, mandatory registration, and enhanced penalties for use in crimes.
  
  

FAQ 199: What are the changes in laws concerning drug trafficking and abuse?

• IPC 1860: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act governs drug offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Incorporates stricter penalties for trafficking and possession, expands definitions to new synthetic drugs, and mandates rehabilitation programs.
  
  

FAQ 200: How are offenses related to organized crime treated under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Various sections target organized crime; supplemented by the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Defines organized crime explicitly, increases penalties, enhances investigation powers, and promotes inter-agency cooperation.

FAQ 201: How does BNS address offenses related to criminal breach of trust?

• IPC 1860: Sections 405–409 define criminal breach of trust with punishments varying by the amount and nature of property involved.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains these provisions with clearer definitions, includes digital assets and cryptocurrencies under property, and prescribes stricter penalties for aggravated breaches.
  
  

FAQ 202: What changes are there in laws related to cheating?

• IPC 1860: Sections 415–420 deal with cheating and related offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands the definition to cover digital fraud, identity theft, and financial scams, with enhanced punishments and victim compensation provisions.
  
  

FAQ 203: How does BNS treat offenses related to criminal intimidation?

• IPC 1860: Section 503 defines criminal intimidation with punishments under Section 506.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the offense and expands it to include electronic communications, psychological harassment, and stalking, with stronger penalties.
  
  

FAQ 204: What provisions does BNS have for offenses related to unlawful assembly?

• IPC 1860: Sections 141–145 define unlawful assembly and related offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Maintains definitions, enhances police powers to disperse unlawful assemblies with checks and balances, and increases penalties if violence or weapons are involved.
  
  

FAQ 205: Are there new provisions relating to offenses involving defamation?

• IPC 1860: Sections 499 and 500 deal with defamation as a criminal offense.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains criminal defamation but narrows scope to prevent misuse, emphasizes the right to reputation alongside freedom of speech, and includes online defamation.
  
  

FAQ 206: How does BNS treat offenses related to obstructing public servants?

• IPC 1860: Section 186 punishes obstruction of public servants in discharge of duty.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Maintains the offense with increased penalties, expands to include digital obstruction (e.g., hacking government systems), and incorporates safeguards for lawful protest.
  
  

FAQ 207: What are the provisions for offenses related to criminal conspiracy under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Sections 120A and 120B define criminal conspiracy and its punishment.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains core provisions, expands conspiracy to include cyber and financial crimes, and allows for anticipatory action based on conspiracy evidence.
  
  

FAQ 208: How does BNS deal with offenses involving fraudulent documents?

• IPC 1860: Sections 463–471 define forgery and related offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands to electronic documents, digital signatures, and biometric data with stricter punishments and streamlined procedures for authentication.
  
  

FAQ 209: Are there changes in laws concerning cruelty to animals?

• IPC 1860: Sections 428 and 429 deal with mischief to animals.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Provides detailed provisions against animal cruelty, illegal trade, and poaching, with stronger punishments and welfare measures.
  
  

FAQ 210: How does BNS address offenses related to public health and safety?

• IPC 1860: Various sections deal with endangering life or public safety.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Updates laws to cover biological hazards, pandemics, environmental safety, and food safety offenses, with penalties for negligence and intentional harm.

FAQ 211: How does BNS handle offenses related to unlawful possession and use of narcotics?

• IPC 1860: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS) primarily governs these offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Integrates narcotics offenses with enhanced definitions including synthetic drugs and precursors, increases penalties for trafficking and consumption, and mandates rehabilitation programs alongside punishment.
  
  

FAQ 212: What are the new provisions on offenses involving electronic fraud?

• IPC 1860: Limited provisions, supplemented by IT Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly criminalizes electronic fraud including phishing, identity theft, ransomware attacks, with specific sections on cyber-enabled financial crimes and stringent penalties.
  
  

FAQ 213: How does BNS address the offense of money laundering?

• IPC 1860: Governed primarily by the Prevention of Money Laundering Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Consolidates money laundering offenses, extends definitions to digital assets, cryptocurrency, and mandates asset seizure and enhanced cooperation with financial institutions.
  
  

FAQ 214: What are the changes in laws relating to public order offenses?

• IPC 1860: Sections on unlawful assembly, rioting, and related offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Updates public order provisions to include digital mobilization, misinformation during protests, with enhanced police powers balanced with rights to peaceful assembly.
  
  

FAQ 215: How does BNS treat offenses related to environmental crimes?

• IPC 1860: Limited provisions on environmental harm.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Introduces comprehensive sections on pollution, illegal waste disposal, wildlife protection, and penalties for environmental degradation with mandatory restoration measures.
  
  

FAQ 216: Are there provisions regarding offenses related to sexual exploitation online?

• IPC 1860: Limited provisions; supplemented by IT Act and POCSO.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly criminalizes online sexual exploitation, including child pornography, grooming, live streaming abuses, and revenge pornography with strict penalties.
  
  

FAQ 217: What are the new provisions on offenses related to counterfeiting currency?

• IPC 1860: Sections 489A–489E cover counterfeiting currency and stamps.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains these provisions with added sections covering digital currencies, cryptocurrencies, and stricter punishments for counterfeiting.
  
  

FAQ 218: How does BNS regulate offenses related to gambling and betting?

• IPC 1860: Sections 294 and 294A, along with Public Gambling Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Clarifies definitions, regulates online betting and gaming, penalizes illegal gambling with modern enforcement mechanisms.
  
  

FAQ 219: What changes are there in laws related to offenses against property?

• IPC 1860: Theft, robbery, mischief, criminal trespass.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Updates definitions to include digital property, cloud storage data theft, and cyber trespass, with calibrated punishments.
  
  

FAQ 220: How does BNS treat offenses related to impersonation and identity theft?

• IPC 1860: Sections 416–418 cover cheating by impersonation.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands these to include digital identity theft, deepfakes, and biometric data misuse, with enhanced penalties and recovery measures.
  
  

FAQ 221: How does BNS treat offenses related to assault and battery?

• IPC 1860: Sections 351–358 define assault and criminal force.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the offenses, expands definitions to include psychological and digital assault, and provides enhanced penalties especially for assault on vulnerable persons.
  
  

FAQ 222: What changes are there regarding offences of kidnapping and abduction?

• IPC 1860: Sections 359–374 define kidnapping and abduction with various punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Clarifies distinctions, includes digital kidnapping (online luring), and mandates victim rehabilitation along with stricter punishments for minors and trafficking-related cases.
  
  

FAQ 223: How does BNS handle offenses related to wrongful confinement?

• IPC 1860: Sections 339–348 cover wrongful restraint and confinement.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains these provisions, expands to include digital confinement like restricting access to communication devices, with increased penalties.
  
  

FAQ 224: What are the new provisions on offenses related to rioting?

• IPC 1860: Sections 146–160 cover rioting and related offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Updates to include cyber-rioting, online mob violence, and enhanced police powers to disperse riots balanced by judicial oversight.
  
  

FAQ 225: How does BNS address offenses of criminal intimidation?

• IPC 1860: Section 503 defines criminal intimidation.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands scope to include intimidation via digital platforms, psychological harassment, and stalking with stricter punishments.
  
  

FAQ 226: Are there changes in laws related to extortion?

• IPC 1860: Sections 383–389 cover extortion.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Includes cyber extortion, ransomware demands, and increases punishments for organized extortion activities.
  
  

FAQ 227: What are the provisions for offenses related to attempt to commit offenses?

• IPC 1860: Section 511 deals with attempts to commit offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the section, clarifies definitions of attempts including preparatory acts, and prescribes punishments proportional to the offense.
  
  

FAQ 228: How does BNS treat offenses related to public servant corruption?

• IPC 1860: Sections 161–165 deal with public servant corruption.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Broadens scope, includes digital bribery and kickbacks, and imposes harsher penalties and asset confiscation.
  
  

FAQ 229: What changes are there in laws concerning forgery?

• IPC 1860: Sections 463–477 cover forgery and related offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands to include electronic forgery, deepfake technology, and biometric data misuse, with updated definitions and increased punishments.
  
  

FAQ 230: How does BNS treat offenses related to criminal conspiracy?

• IPC 1860: Sections 120A and 120B cover criminal conspiracy.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains these provisions, expands to include conspiracies in cybercrime and financial frauds, and enables anticipatory action based on conspiracy evidence.

FAQ 231: How does BNS address offenses related to murder?

• IPC 1860: Section 302 defines murder with prescribed punishments including life imprisonment or death penalty.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains core provisions with clearer gradations of murder (intentional, reckless), enhanced victim compensation, and structured sentencing guidelines.
  
  

FAQ 232: What are the new provisions on culpable homicide not amounting to murder?

• IPC 1860: Section 304 covers culpable homicide not amounting to murder with varying punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Maintains this distinction, provides clearer definitions of negligence and intent, and introduces rehabilitation for offenders with mental illness.
  
  

FAQ 233: How does BNS treat offenses related to causing grievous hurt?

• IPC 1860: Sections 320 and 325 define grievous hurt and prescribe punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands definitions to include psychological harm, domestic violence injuries, and provides for victim support services.
  
  

FAQ 234: What are the changes in laws concerning rape and sexual assault?

• IPC 1860: Sections 375–376 cover rape and sexual assault with specific punishments.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Widens the definition of sexual assault, criminalizes marital rape with exceptions, introduces special courts, and mandates victim counseling.
  
  

FAQ 235: How does BNS handle offenses related to attempt to commit murder?

• IPC 1860: Section 307 covers attempt to murder.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the section, introduces gradations based on severity and intent, and provides for victim compensation schemes.
  
  

FAQ 236: Are there reforms in laws related to dowry death?

• IPC 1860: Section 304B deals with dowry death.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Strengthens provisions, speeds up trial process, provides victim family protection, and increases penalties for offenders.
  
  

FAQ 237: How does BNS treat offenses related to abetment of suicide?

• IPC 1860: Section 306 covers abetment of suicide.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Broadens definition, includes cyber bullying-related abetment, and mandates mental health interventions.
  
  

FAQ 238: What are the new provisions on offenses involving kidnapping for ransom?

• IPC 1860: Section 364A defines kidnapping for ransom.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains this, expands to cyber kidnapping and ransom, includes victim safety protocols, and harsher punishments.
  
  

FAQ 239: How does BNS address offenses related to child abuse and exploitation?

• IPC 1860: Various sections along with POCSO Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Integrates child protection offenses with enhanced punishments, mandatory reporting, child-friendly trial procedures, and rehabilitation.
  
  

FAQ 240: Are there changes in laws regarding offenses related to theft?

• IPC 1860: Sections 378–382 define theft and related crimes.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Updates definitions to include cyber theft, cloud data theft, with graded punishments based on value and method.
  
  

FAQ 241: How does BNS treat offenses related to robbery?

• IPC 1860: Sections 390–394 cover robbery and dacoity.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains these offenses, includes armed robbery with modern weapons, and introduces victim restitution mechanisms.
  
  

FAQ 242: What are the provisions for offenses related to criminal trespass?

• IPC 1860: Sections 441–462 cover criminal trespass and related offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands to include digital trespass like unauthorized access to computer systems, with enhanced penalties.
  
  

FAQ 243: How does BNS handle offenses related to sexual harassment?

• IPC 1860: Limited coverage; POSH Act primarily governs.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Criminalizes sexual harassment in all spheres, strengthens complaint mechanisms, and prescribes employer accountability.
  
  

FAQ 244: What are the new provisions on offenses related to assault on public servants?

• IPC 1860: Sections 353 and 332 cover assault on public servants.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Enhances punishments, includes assault through digital means (e.g., threats), and prioritizes cases involving law enforcement officers.
  
  

FAQ 245: How does BNS treat offenses related to illegal mining and environmental damage?

• IPC 1860: Limited environmental protection laws.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Introduces specific provisions criminalizing illegal mining, forest destruction, with strong penalties and restoration mandates.
  
  

FAQ 246: Are there reforms in laws regarding forgery of government documents?

• IPC 1860: Sections 463–477 deal with forgery.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Includes digital documents, e-signatures, with stronger punishments and streamlined investigation protocols.
  
  

FAQ 247: How does BNS address offenses related to public money misappropriation?

• IPC 1860: Sections 405 and related cover criminal breach of trust involving public money.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Strengthens definitions, includes digital misappropriation, and mandates asset recovery.
  
  

FAQ 248: What are the changes in laws related to offenses against women?

• IPC 1860: Various sections protect women from violence and harassment.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands protections, includes digital abuse, provides victim support and fast-track courts.
  
  

FAQ 249: How does BNS treat offenses related to cyberbullying?

• IPC 1860: Limited provisions; supplemented by IT Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly criminalizes cyberbullying, stalking, and online harassment with clear procedures for reporting and penalties.
  
  

FAQ 250: Are there provisions on offenses related to public safety during emergencies?

• IPC 1860: Various sections address endangering public safety.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Updates provisions to cover pandemics, disasters, misinformation during emergencies, and mandates compliance with safety protocols.

FAQ 251: How does BNS address offenses of culpable homicide by negligence?

• IPC 1860: Section 304A covers death caused by negligence.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains the provision, includes stricter liability for corporate negligence, and imposes mandatory safety audits.
  
  

FAQ 252: What changes does BNS bring to laws on unlawful assembly and rioting?

• IPC 1860: Sections 141–160 regulate unlawful assembly and rioting.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands scope to include online incitement, stricter crowd control norms, and enhanced police authority with judicial checks.
  
  

FAQ 253: How does BNS treat offenses related to bribery and corruption?

• IPC 1860: Sections 161–165 address bribery and corruption.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Broadens definitions, covers digital bribery, enhances whistleblower protections, and increases penalties.
  
  

FAQ 254: What are the new provisions regarding offenses related to perjury?

• IPC 1860: Sections 191–193 cover giving false evidence.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains these provisions, expands to false digital evidence, and introduces deterrent punishments.
  
  

FAQ 255: How does BNS handle offenses related to unlawful possession of explosives?

• IPC 1860: Sections 3 and 4 of Explosives Act regulate possession and use.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Integrates explosives-related offenses with stricter licensing, tracking, and severe punishments for violations.
  
  

FAQ 256: Are there changes to laws relating to offenses against the state?

• IPC 1860: Sections 121–130 address sedition, waging war against the state.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Narrows sedition scope to direct incitement of violence, protects free speech, and enhances anti-terrorism provisions.
  
  

FAQ 257: How does BNS treat offenses related to espionage and national security?

• IPC 1860: Various sections and Official Secrets Act govern espionage.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands definitions to cyber espionage, increases penalties, and enhances intelligence agency powers.
  
  

FAQ 258: What reforms does BNS introduce regarding offenses involving forgery of electronic documents?

• IPC 1860: Sections 463–477 cover forgery.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Specifically criminalizes forging e-documents, blockchain tampering, and introduces digital forensic evidence protocols.
  
  

FAQ 259: How does BNS address offenses involving trafficking in persons?

• IPC 1860: Sections 370–374A cover human trafficking.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands scope to include online recruitment, international trafficking, victim rehabilitation, and enhanced punishment.
  
  

FAQ 260: What are the provisions for offenses related to cyber terrorism under BNS?

• IPC 1860: Limited to IT Act provisions.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly defines cyber terrorism, broadens to include attacks on critical infrastructure, mandates national security response.
  
  

FAQ 261: How does BNS treat offenses related to extortion through electronic means?

• IPC 1860: Sections 383–389 cover extortion.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly criminalizes cyber extortion and ransomware attacks with enhanced penalties.
  
  

FAQ 262: What are the provisions for offenses related to sexual exploitation of minors?

• IPC 1860: Supplemented by POCSO Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Integrates and expands protections, mandates fast-track trials, and strengthens victim counseling.
  
  

FAQ 263: How does BNS regulate offenses related to illegal gambling and betting?

• IPC 1860: Sections 294 and Public Gambling Act.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands to online gambling, fantasy sports, with licensing and enforcement provisions.
  
  

FAQ 264: What changes does BNS bring to laws on domestic violence?

• IPC 1860: Limited provisions; Domestic Violence Act governs.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Criminalizes more forms of abuse, including emotional and economic, provides protection orders, and victim support services.
  
  

FAQ 265: How does BNS address offenses related to cruelty by husband or relatives?

• IPC 1860: Section 498A covers cruelty.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Retains and expands definitions, includes psychological cruelty and dowry-related offenses with faster judicial processes.
  
  

FAQ 266: Are there new provisions on offenses involving impersonation online?

• IPC 1860: Sections 416–418 cover impersonation.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands to social media impersonation, fake profiles, deepfake technology, with stricter penalties.
  
  

FAQ 267: How does BNS treat offenses related to defamation?

• IPC 1860: Sections 499 and 500 cover defamation.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Narrows criminal defamation to prevent misuse, balances with free speech, and addresses online defamation specifically.
  
  

FAQ 268: What provisions does BNS have for offenses related to obstructing public servants?

• IPC 1860: Section 186 punishes obstruction.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Maintains, adds digital obstruction (e.g., hacking), and safeguards lawful protests.
  
  

FAQ 269: How does BNS regulate offenses related to criminal breach of trust in digital assets?

• IPC 1860: Sections 405–409 cover criminal breach of trust.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Explicitly includes digital assets, cryptocurrencies, NFTs, with enhanced punishments and asset recovery mechanisms.
  
  

FAQ 270: What are the reforms regarding offenses related to cheating?

• IPC 1860: Sections 415–420 cover cheating.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands to cyber fraud, phishing, identity theft, with victim compensation and fast-track trials.
  
  

FAQ 271: How does BNS address offenses related to criminal intimidation?

• IPC 1860: Section 503 defines criminal intimidation.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Expands to include electronic threats, psychological harassment, and stalking, with increased penalties.
  
  

FAQ 272: Are there changes in laws relating to criminal conspiracy?

• IPC 1860: Sections 120A and 120B cover conspiracy.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Broadens to cybercrime conspiracies, financial fraud, and allows anticipatory action based on conspiracy evidence.
  
  

FAQ 273: How does BNS handle offenses related to forgery of electronic records?

• IPC 1860: Sections 463–477.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Covers forgery of digital documents, biometric data, and blockchain ledgers, with updated definitions and punishments.
  
  

FAQ 274: What provisions does BNS make for offenses related to public health violations?

• IPC 1860: Sections on public safety and health offenses.
  
  

• BNS 2023: Addresses pandemics, quarantine violations, misinformation, and mandates compliance with health advisories.
  
  

FAQ 275: How does BNS treat offenses related to illegal possession and use of firearms?